The impact of Pentaclethra macroloba on soil microbial nitrogen fixing communities and nutrients within developing secondary forests in the Northern Zone of Costa Rica
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چکیده
In the current study, we showed that Pentaclethra macroloba appears to influence the microbial communities within the soil of secondary forests in the Northern Zone of Costa Rica. The soil closest to the Pentaclethra macroloba trees (“tree soil”) had a lower abundance of the N-fixing bacteria Frankia, but greater amounts of both nifH gene and Rhizobium than soils furthest away (“forest soils”). These soils also had greater amounts of microbial biomass and were more efficient at organic carbon use as indicated by lower metabolic quotient values (qCO2). This suggests that the use of Pentaclethra macroloba in restoration of soils from harvested forests may provide a good strategy for recuperating nitrogen in the soils due to its association with N-fixing bacteria near the roots of the trees and in the nearby soils. As well, these trees were associated with enhanced microbial biomass, microbial activity, and microbial mediated enhanced efficiency of C use into the biomass, suggesting their value in improving soil richness. A tangential discovery during this study was that it was the first, to our knowledge to show the presence of Frankia in association with Pentaclethra macroloba. It is interesting to note that significant amounts of Frankia were found throughout the soils in this study, and it was present in all sites at levels far greater than Rhizobium. It is likely that Frankia is more critical in recuperating soil N within these developing secondary forests. Resumen: En este estudio mostramos que Pentaclethra macroloba parece influir sobre las comunidades microbianas en los suelos de bosque secundario en la zona norte de Costa Rica. El suelo más cercano a los árboles de Pentaclethra macroloba (“suelo de árbol”) tuvo una abundancia menor de la bacteria fijadora de N Frankia, pero cantidades mayores tanto del gen nifH como de Rhizobium que los más alejados (“suelos de bosque”). Estos suelos también tuvieron cantidades mayores de biomasa microbiana y fueron más eficientes en el uso del carbono orgánico, según lo indicaron los valores más bajos del cociente metabólico (qCO2). Esto sugiere que el uso de Pentaclethra macroloba en la restauración de suelos de bosques cosechados puede brindar una buena estrategia para recuperar el nitrógeno del suelo debido a su asociación con bacterias fijadoras de N cerca de sus raíces y en los suelos aledaños. Así mismo, estos árboles estuvieron asociados con valores más altos de biomasa microbiana y de * Corresponding Author; e-mail: [email protected] 208 IMPACT OF PENTACLETHRA ON SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES actividad microbiana, y una mayor eficiencia mediada por los microbios en el uso del C en la biomasa, lo que sugiere que ellos son valiosos para el mejoramiento de la riqueza del suelo. Un hallazgo tangencial durante este estudio fue que éste fue el primero, hasta donde sabemos, en mostrar la presencia de Frankia en asociación con Pentaclethra macroloba. Es interesante notar que se encontraron cantidades significativas de Frankia en todos los suelos estudiados, y que ésta estuvo presente en todos los sitios y en niveles muchos más altos que los de Rhizobium. Es probable que Frankia sea más crítica en la recuperación del N del suelo N en estos bosques secundarios. Resumo: No presente estudo mostra-se que a Pentaclethra macroloba parece influenciar as comunidades microbianas no solo das florestas secundárias na região norte da Cota Rica. O solo mais próximo das árvores de Pentaclethra macroloba (“solo de folhada”) apresentava uma menor abundância de bactérias de Frankia fixadoras de N, mas maior quantidade do gene nifH e de Rhizobium do que os solos mais afastados (“solos florestais”). Estes solos também apresentavam maior quantidade de biomassa microbiana e eram mais eficientes no uso de carbono orgânico como indicado por menores valores do quociente metabólico (qCo2). Isto sugere que o uso da Pentaclethra macroloba na restauração dos solos após abate das florestas pode proporcionar uma boa estratégia para a recuperação do azoto nos solos devido à sua associação com as bactérias fixadoras de N junto das raízes das árvores e nos solos próximos. Do mesmo modo, estas árvores estavam associadas com o acréscimo da biomassa microbiana sugerindo o seu valor na melhoria da riqueza do solo. Durante este estudo, uma descoberta adicional foi a de que este foi o primeiro trabalho, tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, a mostrar a presença da Frankia em associação com a Pentaclethra macroloba. Neste estudo, é interessante notar que uma quantidade significativa de Frankia foi encontrada através dos solos, e que estava presente em todos os locais em níveis muito maiores do que o Rhizobium. É provável que a Frankia seja mais crítica para a recuperação do N do solo nestas florestas secundárias em desenvolvimento.
منابع مشابه
The Effects of the N-Fixing Tree Pentaclethra macroloba on the Above and Below Ground Communities Within a Primary Forest in the Northern Zone of Costa Rica
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